Literature
For general information for the nonspecialist:
Grenard, S. 1991. Handbook of Alligators and Crocodiles. Kreiger Publishing Co., Malabar, Florida, USA.
Guggisberg, C.A.W. 1972. Crocodiles - their natural history, folklore, and conservation. Newton Abbot (Devon, England), 195 pp.
McIlhenny, E.A. 1935. The Alligator's Life History. Boston: Christopher Publishing House.
Neill, W.T. 1971. The Last of the Ruling Reptiles: Alligators, Crocodiles and their Kin. Columbia Univ. Press, New York.
Ross, C.A., and S. Garnett. (Eds.). 1989. Crocodiles and Alligators. Facts On File, Inc., New York. **perhaps the best book available on this subject.
More technical literature:
(please note: this is NOT an exhaustive list of the available literature. This is largely a list of references used in the completion of the computed tomography CD entitled "Alligator: Digital Atlas of the Skull." For a more complete listing of the literature, we recommend Mason Meers' on-line Bibliography of Crocodilian Biology.
Abel, O. 1928. Allognathosuchus, ein an de cheloniphage Nahrungsweise angepa§ter Krokodiltypus des nordamerikanischen Eozäns. Paläontologisches Zeitschrift, 9:367-374.
Bartels, W.S. 1984. Osteology and systematic affinities of the horned alligator Ceratosuchus (Reptilia, Crocodilia). Journal of Paleontology, 58:1347-1353.
Berg, D.E. 1966. Die Krokodile, insbesondere Asiatosuchus und aff. Sebecus?, aus dem Eozän von Messel bei Darmstadt/Hessen. Abhandlungen des Hessischen Landesamtes für Bodenforschung, 52:1-105 + 6 plates.
Bertau, M. 1935. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Geruchsorgans der Krokodile. Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte, 104:169-202.
Brochu, C.A. 1996a. Closure of neurocentral sutures during crocodilian ontogeny: implications for maturity assessment in fossil archosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16:49-62.
_____. 1996b. New eusuchian crocodyliforms from the Paleocene of West Texas: biogeographic and phylogenetic implications. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 28:6.
_____. 1997a. A review of "Leidyosuchus" (Crocodyliformes, Eusuchia) from the Cretaceous through Eocene of North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17:679-697.
_____. 1997b. Phylogenetic systematics and taxonomy of Crocodylia. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.
Brühl, C.B. 1862. Das Skelett der Krokodilinen. Wilhelm Braumüller, Vienna, 48 pp + 20 plates.
Buffetaut, E. 1985. The place of Gavialis and Tomistoma in eusuchian evolution: a reconciliation of palaeontological and biochemical data. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paleontologie Monatshefte, 12:707-716.
Busbey, A.B. 1994. The structural consequences of skull flattening in crocodilians; pp. 173-192 in J.J. Thomason (ed.), Functional Morphology in Vertebrate Paleontology, Cambridge University Press, New York.
_____, and C.E. Gow. 1984. A new protosuchian crocodile from the Upper Triassic Elliot Formation of South Africa. Palaeontologica Africana, 25:127-149.
Carlson, W. 1993. A brief introduction to computed X-ray tomography; in Rowe, T., W. Carlson, and W. Bottorf (eds.), Thrinaxodon: Digital Atlas of the Skull. The University of Texas Press. CD-ROM.
Case, E.C. 1925. Note on a new species of the Eocene crocodilian Allognathosuchus, A. wartheni. Contributions from the Museum of Geology, University of Michigan, 2:93-97.
Clark, J.M. 1994. Patterns of evolution in Mesozoic Crocodyloformes; pp. 84-97 in N.C. Fraser and H.D. Sues (eds.), In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
Clark, J.M., and M.A. Norell. 1992. The Early Cretaceous crocodylomorph Hylaeochampsa vectiana from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight. Amer. Mus. Novitates, 3032:1-19.
Colbert, E.H. 1946. The eustachian tubes in the Crocodilia. Copeia, 1946:11-14.
Conroy, G.C., and M.W. Vannier. 1984. Noninvasive three-dimensional computer imaging of matrix-filled fossil skulls by high-resolution computed tomography. Science, 226:1236-1239.
Cott, Hugh B. 1961. Scientific results of an inquiry into the ecology and economic status of the Nile Crocodile (Crocodilus niloticus) in Uganda and Northern Rhodesia. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London (B), 29:211-357.
Currie, P.J. 1985. Cranial anatomy of Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia, Theropoda) and its bearing on the origin of birds. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 22:1643-1658.
_______, and X.I. Zhao. 1993. A new troodontid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) braincase from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 30:2231-2247.
de Beer, G.R. 1937. The Development of the Vertebrate Skull. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Dal Sasso, C., and G. Pinna. 1997. Besanosaurus leptorhynchus n. gen. n. sp., a new shastasaurid ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic of Besano (Lombardy, N. Italy). Paleontologia Lombarda, 4: 00-00.
Densmore, L.D. 1983. Biochemical and immunological systematics of the order Crocodilia; pp. 397-465 in M.K. Hecht, B. Wallace, and G.H. Prance (ed.), Evolutionary Biology, Vol. 16, Plenum Press, New York.
Densmore, L.D., and H.C. Dessauer. 1984. Low levels of protein divergence detected between Gavialis and Tomistoma: Evidence for crocodilian monophyly. Comp. Biochem. Phys., 77B(4):715-720.
Densmore, L.D., and R.D. Owen. 1989. Molecular systematics of the order Crocodilia. Am. Zool., 29:831-841.
Densmore, L.D., and P.S. White. 1991. The systematics and evolution of the Crocodilia as suggested by restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA. Copeia, 1991:602-615.
Erickson, B.R. 1972. Albertochampsa langstoni, gen. et sp. nov., a new alligator from the Cretaceous of Alberta. Scientific Publications of the Science Museum of Minnesota, New Series, 2:1-13.
Estes, R., and J.H. Hutchison. 1980. Eocene lower vertebrates from Ellesmere Island, Canadian Arctic Archepelago. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 30:325-347.
Ferguson, M.W.J. 1981. The structure and development of the palate in Alligator mississippiensis. Achives for Oral Biology, 26:427-443.
_____. 1984. Craniofacial development in Alligator mississippiensis; pp. 223-273 in M.W.J. Ferguson (ed.), The Structure, Development and Evolution of Reptiles, Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 52, Academic Press, New York.
_____. 1985. Reproductive biology and embryology of the crocodilians; pp. 329-492 in C. Gans, F. Billett, and P.F.A. Maderson (ed.), Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 14, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Gatesy, J., R. de Salle, and W. Wheeler. 1993. Alignment-ambiguous nucleotide sites and the exclusion of systematic data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2:152-157.
Gilmore, C.W. 1946. A new crocodilian from the Eocene of Utah. Journal of Paleontology, 20:62-67.
Grine, F. E. 1997. Dinocephalians are not anomodonts. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17:177-183.
Groombridge, B. 1987. The distribution and status of world crocodilians; pp. 9-21 in G.J.W. Webb, S.C. Manolis, and P.J. Whitehead (ed.), Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, Surrey, Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton, NSW.
Hall, P.M., and K.M. Portier. 1994. Cranial morphometry of New Guinea crocodiles (Crocodylus novaeguineae): ontogenetic variation in relative growth of the skull and an assessment of its utility as a predictor of the sex and size of individuals. Herpetological Monographs, 8:203-225.
Hass, C.A., M.A. Hoffman, L.D. Densmore, and L.R. Maxson. 1992. Crocodilian evolution: insights from immunological data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 1:193-201.
Hasse, C. 1873. Das Gehörorgan der Crocodile nebst weiterem vergleichend anatomischen Bemerkungen über das mittlere Ohr der Wirbeltiere und dessen Annexa. Anatomische Studien, 4:679-750.
Higgins, D.W. 1972. A review of Oligocene alligators from the Big Badlands of South Dakota. M.S. Thesis, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology.
Holman, J.A. 1995. Pleistocene Amphibians and Reptiles in North America. Oxford University Press, New York, 243 pp.
Hochstetter, F. 1906. Beiträge zur Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Blutgefä§systems der Krokodile. Reise in Ostafrika, 4:1-139.
Huxley, T.H. 1875. On Stagonolepis robertsoni, and on the evolution of the Crocodilia. Quart. Jour. Geo. Soc. London, 31:423-438.
Iordansky, N.N. 1973. The skull of the Crocodilia; pp. 201-260 in C. Gans and T. Parsons (ed.), Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 4, Academic Press, London.
Jackson, K., D.G. Butler, and D.R. Brooks. 1996. Habitat and phylogeny influence salinity discrimination in crocodilians: implications for osmoregulatory physiology and historical biogeography. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 58:371-383.
Joeckel, R.M. 1992. Comparative anatomy and function of the leptaucheniine oreodont middle ear. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 12(4):505-523.
Kälin, J.A. 1933. Beiträge zur vergleichenden Osteologie des Crocodilidenschädels. Zoologisches Jahrbucher, 57:535-714.
_____. 1936. Hispanochampsa mülleri nov. gen. nov. sp., ein neuer Crocodilide aus dem unteren Oligocän von Tarrega (Catalonien). Abhandlungen der Schweitzerische Paläontologische Geselschaft, 58:1-40.
_____. 1939. Ein extrem kurzschnauziger Crocodilide aus den Phosphoriten des Quercy, Arambourgia (nov. gen.) gaudryi de Stefano. Abhandungen der Schweizerischen Palaeontologischen Gesellschaft, 62:1-18 + 3 plates.
Klembara, J. 1991. The cranial anatomy of early ontogenetic stages of Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin, 1802) and the significance of some of its cranial structures for the evolution of tetrapods. Paleontographica, 215:103-171.
Kumazawa, Y., and M. Nishida. 1995. Variations in mitochondrial tRNA gene organization of reptiles as phylogenetic markers. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 12:759-772.
Li, J. 1987. A new species of Alligator from Shanwang, Shandong. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 7:199-207.
Luo, Z., and D.R. Ketten. 1991. CT scanning and computerized reconstructions of the inner ear structure of multituberculate mammals. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 11:220-228.
Malone, B. 1979. The systematics, phylogeny and paleobiology of the genus Alligator. Ph.D. Dissertation, City University of New York.
Mook, C.C. 1921a. Skull characters of recent Crocodilia with notes on the affinities of the recent genera. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 44:123-268.
_____. 1921b. Allognathosuchus, a new genus of Eocene crocodilians. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 44:105-110.
_____. 1932. A study of the osteology of Alligator prenasalis (Loomis). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 74:19-41.
_____. 1946. A new Pliocene alligator from Nebraska. American Museum Novitates, 1311:295-304.
Müller, F. 1967. Zur embryonalen Kopfentwicklung von Crocodylus cataphractus Cuv. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 74:189-294.
Nilsson, T. 1944. On the morphology of the lower jaw of Stegocephalia with special reference to Eotriassic stegocephalians from Spitsbergen. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 3 Ser., 21:1-70.
Norell, M.A. 1989. The higher level relationships of the extant Crocodylia. Journal of Herpetology, 23:325-335.
_____, J.M. Clark, and J.H. Hutchison. 1994. The Late Cretaceous alligatoroid Brachychampsa montana (Crocodylia): new material and putative relationships. American Museum Novitates, 3116:1-26.
Olson, E., 1993. Foreword; in Rowe, T., W. Carlson, and W. Bottorf (eds.), Thrinaxodon: Digital Atlas of the Skull. The University of Texas Press. CD-ROM.
Owen, R. 1850a. On the communications between the cavity of the tympanum and the palate in the Crocodilia (gavials, alligator and crocodiles). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 27:521-527 + 3 plates.
_____. 1850b. Monograph on the Fossil Reptilia of the London Clay, and of the Bracklesham and Other Tertiary Beds, Part II: Crocodilia (Crocodilus, etc.). Paleontographical Society, London, 50 pp. + 11 plates.
Parker, W.K. 1883. On the structure and development of the skull in the Crocodilia. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 11:263-311.
Patterson, B. 1931. Occurrence of the alligatoroid genus Allognathosuchus in the lower Oligocene. Field Museum of Natural History Geological Series, 6:223-226
Poe, S. 1996. Data set incongruence and the phylogeny of crocodilians. Systematic Biology, 45:393-414.
Poglayen-Neuwall, I. 1953. Untersuchungen der Kiefermuskulatur und deren Innervation an Krokodilen. Anatomische Anzieger, 99:257-296.
Preston, R.E. 1979. Late Pleistocene cold-blooded vertebrate faunas from the mid-continental United States. I. Reptilia; Testudines, Crocodilia. University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology, Papers in Paleontology, 19:1-53.
Retzius, G. 1884. Das Gehörorgan der Wirbeltiere. II. Das Gehörorgan der Reptilien, der Vögel und der Saugetiere. Samson & Wallin, Stockholm.
Rowe, T. 1993. Introduction to the digital atlas; in Rowe, T., W. Carlson, and W. Bottorf (eds.), Thrinaxodon: Digital Atlas of the Skull. The University of Texas Press. CD-ROM.
Rowe, T., W. Carlson, and W. Bottorf. 1993. Thrinaxodon: Digital Atlas of the Skull. The University of Texas Press. CD-ROM.
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Shiino, K. 1914. Studien zur Kenntnis des Wirbeltierkopfes. I. Das Chondrocranium von Crocodilus mit Derücksichtigung der Gehirnnerven und der Kopfgefässe. Anatomische Hefte, 50:257-356.
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Simpson, G.G. 1930. Allognathosuchus mooki, a new crocodile from the Puerco Formation. American Museum Novitates, 445:1-16.
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Taplin, L.E., and G.C. Grigg. 1989. Historical zoogeography of the eusuchian crocodilians: a physiological perspective. American Zoologist, 29:885-901.
Tarsitano, S.F. 1985. Cranial metamorphosis and the origin of the Eusuchia. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paleontologie Abhandlungen, 170:27-44.
_____, E. Frey, and J. Riess. 1989. The evolution of the Crocodilia: a conflict between morphological and biochemical data. American Zoologist, 29:843-856.
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Voeltzkow, A. 1899. Bieträge sur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Reptilien. I. Biologie und Entwicklung der äusseren Körperform von Crocodilus madagascariensis Grand. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergische naturforschungs Gesellschaft, 26:1-150.
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_____. 1997. The evolution of the antorbital cavity of archosaurs: A study in soft-tissue reconstruction in the fossil record with an analysis of the function of pneumaticity. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 3:73.
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Links
IUCN Crocodile Specialist Group
Bibliography of Crocodilian Biology
Crocodilian Natural History and Conservation
Crocodilians on the Internet
Croc Portrait Gallery